Presencia y eliminación de compuestos farmacéuticos en plantas de tratamientos de aguas residuales. Revisión a nivel mundial y perspectiva nacional
Resumen
La presencia de compuestos farmacéuticos en cuerpos de agua y sus potenciales efectos ecotoxicológicos se han convertido en un tema de interés mundial. Después de su ingestión y absorción en el organismo, los fármacos son metabolizados y excretados, lo que lleva a una descarga de mezclas complejas de ingredientes activos y metabolitos en las redes cloacales y finalmente en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales. El objetivo fue estimar, a través del análisis de los valores reportados, la concentración media (CM) de compuestos farmacéuticos de consumo humano en plantas de tratamiento a nivel mundial, así como su eficiencia de remoción. Realizándose la revisión de 100 publicaciones científicas para un total de 23 fármacos. Los analgésicos y anti-inflamatorios no esteroides representan el grupo farmacológico más analizados, debido a su amplio uso a nivel mundial, con CM más altas en el afluente de las plantas de tratamientos (entre 1 y 96 µg/L) y porcentajes de remoción mayores a 65%, a excepción del diclofenaco con 38%. Los antibióticos presentan CM menores a 1µg/L en el efluente y eficiencias de remoción variables (42-76%), siendo la eritromicina el antibiótico con menor remoción (15%). Las CM más bajas corresponden a las hormonas con alta tasas de remoción (>78%), mientras que los betabloqueadores y reguladores de lípidos presentan menores frecuencias de detección. Reviste especial atención la carbamazepina, que presenta muy baja eficiencia de remoción (<10%) siendo el compuesto farmacéutico más reportado en aguas residuales.
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